{"id":8526,"date":"2024-05-06T16:50:56","date_gmt":"2024-05-06T07:50:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/?p=8526"},"modified":"2024-05-06T16:58:47","modified_gmt":"2024-05-06T07:58:47","slug":"matplotlib-%e3%81%a7%e5%ae%9a%e7%a9%8d%e5%88%86%e3%81%ae%e8%aa%ac%e6%98%8e%e7%94%a8%e3%81%ae%e5%9b%b3%e3%82%92%e6%8f%8f%e3%81%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/8526\/","title":{"rendered":"Matplotlib \u3067\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u7528\u306e\u56f3\u3092\u63cf\u304f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<p>\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u7528\u306e\u56f3\u3092 Matplotlib \u3060\u3051\u3067\u63cf\u304f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u3067\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/%e7%90%86%e5%b7%a5%e7%b3%bb%e3%81%ae%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6b\/%e5%ae%9a%e7%a9%8d%e5%88%86%e3%81%a8%e3%81%af\/\">\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u3068\u306f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/%e7%90%86%e5%b7%a5%e7%b3%bb%e3%81%ae%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6b\/%e7%a9%8d%e5%88%86%ef%bc%9a%e3%81%84%e3%81%8f%e3%81%a4%e3%81%8b%e3%81%ae%e5%bf%9c%e7%94%a8\/\">\u7a4d\u5206\uff1a\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u5fdc\u7528<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[1]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"kn\">import<\/span> <span class=\"nn\">matplotlib.pyplot<\/span> <span class=\"k\">as<\/span> <span class=\"nn\">plt<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"kn\">import<\/span> <span class=\"nn\">matplotlib.patches<\/span> <span class=\"k\">as<\/span> <span class=\"nn\">patches<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"kn\">import<\/span> <span class=\"nn\">numpy<\/span> <span class=\"k\">as<\/span> <span class=\"nn\">np<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092 SVG \u3067 Notebook \u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u8868\u793a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"o\">%<\/span><span class=\"k\">config<\/span> InlineBackend.figure_formats = ['svg']\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">rcParams<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"s1\">'mathtext.fontset'<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'cm'<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># plt.rcParams[\"text.usetex\"] = False<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u3068\u9762\u7a4d\">\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u3068\u9762\u7a4d<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[2]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"k\">def<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">):<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.4<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[3]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">6.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">4.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">a<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.02<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y = f(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\">#x = a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$a$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.87<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$f(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x + \u0394x<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.07<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"sa\">r<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"$x\\!\\!+\\!\\!\\Delta x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.5<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">linestyle<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span><span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.5<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">linestyle<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span><span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">2.33<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"sa\">r<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"$f(x\\!\\!+\\!\\!\\Delta x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">2.15<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"sa\">r<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"$\\Delta x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u9762\u7a4d S(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill_between<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n                 <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"yellow\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.25<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"sa\">r<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"$S(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u9762\u7a4d \u0394S<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xx2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill_between<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx2<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n                 <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"gray\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">2.15<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"sa\">r<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"$\\Delta\\! S$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.18<\/span><span class=\"p\">],[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">color<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"black\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># y \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.12<\/span><span class=\"p\">],[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.25<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">color<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"black\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_ylim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u76ee\u76db\u8a2d\u5b9a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8541\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Sekibun-Area.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"$y=f(x)$-\u3068-$x$-\u8ef8\u3067\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u9762\u7a4d\">$y=f(x)$ \u3068 $x$ \u8ef8\u3067\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u9762\u7a4d<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[4]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">6.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">4.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.02<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y = f(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\">#x = a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$a$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># b<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$b$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u9762\u7a4d S<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill_between<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n                 <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"yellow\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.35<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"sa\">r<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"$S$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"36\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.18<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># y \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.12<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.25<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_ylim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u76ee\u76db\u8a2d\u5b9a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8542\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Area1.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"$y=f(x)$-\u3068-$y=g(x)$-\u3067\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u9762\u7a4d\">$y=f(x)$ \u3068 $y=g(x)$ \u3067\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u9762\u7a4d<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[5]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"k\">def<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">):<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">**<\/span><span class=\"mi\">2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[6]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">6.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">4.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">a<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.03<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y = f(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 g(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.03<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y = g(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\">#x = a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">linestyle<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$a$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># b<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">linestyle<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$b$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u9762\u7a4d S<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill_between<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">g<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xx1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n                 <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"yellow\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$S$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"36\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.18<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># y \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.12<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.25<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_ylim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u76ee\u76db\u8a2d\u5b9a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8543\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Area2.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"\u66f2\u7dda\u306e\u9577\u3055\">\u66f2\u7dda\u306e\u9577\u3055<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[7]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">6.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">4.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">a<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.02<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y = f(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\">#x = a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">linestyle<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$a$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x = b<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">linestyle<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$b$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># dx<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.5<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.7<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"gray\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.6<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.55<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$dx$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># dy<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"gray\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.75<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.63<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$dy$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># dl<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xdx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xdx<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xdx<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">20<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$d\\ell$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.18<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># y \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.12<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.25<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_ylim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u76ee\u76db\u8a2d\u5b9a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8544\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Linelength.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"\u56de\u8ee2\u4f53\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7a4d\">\u56de\u8ee2\u4f53\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7a4d<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[8]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">6.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">4.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 y = f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">a<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.02<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y = f(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 y = -f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x = a \u306e\u4e0a\u5e95\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.06<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$a$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ea<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Ellipse<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n                     <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n                     <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fill<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">ea<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x = b \u306e\u4e0b\u5e95\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.08<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$b$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcbf<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcbf<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcbb<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcbb<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8f2a\u5207\u308a\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.7<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># dl<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xdx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xdx<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xdx<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">20<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.65<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.75<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$d\\ell$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">va<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX1f<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX1f<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX1b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX1b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX2f<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX2f<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX2b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX2b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u5857\u308a\u3064\u3076\u3057<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgex1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgey1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgex2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgey2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgex<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">append<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">edgex1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">edgex2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgey<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">append<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">edgey1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">edgey2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">edgex<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">edgey<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">facecolor<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgex1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgey1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgex2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgey2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgex<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">append<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">edgex1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">edgex2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">edgey<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">append<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">edgey1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">edgey2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">edgex<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">edgey<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">facecolor<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\":\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\":\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.25<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$L = 2 \\pi y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">c<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.18<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># y \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">2.43<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_ylim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u76ee\u76db\u8a2d\u5b9a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8545\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Sidearea.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[9]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">8<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">6<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">projection<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s1\">'3d'<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_box_aspect<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span><span class=\"mi\">8<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">5<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">5<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">subplots_adjust<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">bottom<\/span><span class=\"o\">=-.<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">a<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.7<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.8<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u300c\u4e0a\u300d\u5074\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">arange<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">xi<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">cmap<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"Blues_r\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"n\">edgecolor<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8f2a\u5207\u308a\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">arange<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">xi<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">cmap<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"Reds_r\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"n\">edgecolor<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u300c\u4e0b\u300d\u5074\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">arange<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">xi<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">cmap<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"Blues_r\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n                <span class=\"n\">edgecolor<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u9577\u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.44<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">5<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">view_init<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">elev<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">azim<\/span><span class=\"o\">=-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">110<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">roll<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8546\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Sidearea3d.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"\u56de\u8ee2\u4f53\u306e\u4f53\u7a4d\">\u56de\u8ee2\u4f53\u306e\u4f53\u7a4d<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[10]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"c1\"># \u5857\u308a\u3064\u3076\u3057\u7528\u306e plt.fill() \u306b\u6e21\u3059\u305f\u3081<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u4e2d\u5fc3 (X0, 0) \u306e\u6955\u5186\u306e x, y \u5ea7\u6a19\u3092\u89d2\u5ea6\uff08\u00b0\uff09\u3092\u5a92\u4ecb\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"k\">def<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">ex<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">deg<\/span><span class=\"p\">):<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X0<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">deg<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"k\">def<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">ey<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">deg<\/span><span class=\"p\">):<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">radians<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">deg<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[11]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">6.4<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">4.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 y = f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">a<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.02<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y = f(x)$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u95a2\u6570 y = -f(x)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x = a \u306e\u4e0a\u5e95\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.06<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$a$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">ea<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Ellipse<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n                     <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"yellow\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>  \r\n                     <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"kc\">True<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">ea<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x = b \u306e\u4e0b\u5e95\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> \r\n         <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.08<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$b$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"xx-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcbf<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcbf<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcbb<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcbb<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">eb<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Ellipse<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n                     <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"yellow\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>  \r\n                     <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"kc\">True<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">eb<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8f2a\u5207\u308a\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.7<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\">## edge \u90e8\u5206<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX1f<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX1f<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX1b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX1b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX2f<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX2f<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">arcX2b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Arc<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"n\">xy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">height<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">theta1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">theta2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">270<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"--\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">arcX2b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\">## \u5857\u308a\u3064\u3076\u3057\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">upx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">rightx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ex<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">downx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">leftx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ex<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">upy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">righty<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ey<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">downy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">lefty<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ey<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">X<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">rightx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">leftx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">Y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upy<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">righty<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downy<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">lefty<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">Y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">e<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">patches<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">Ellipse<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> \r\n                     <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n                     <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"kc\">True<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_patch<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">e<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u4e0a\u5074\u9762\u306e\u5857\u308a\u3064\u3076\u3057<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">upx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">rightx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ex<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">downx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">leftx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ex<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">upy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">righty<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ey<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">downy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">lefty<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ey<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">X<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">rightx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">leftx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">Y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upy<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">righty<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downy<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">lefty<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">Y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"yellow\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u4e0b\u5074\u9762\u306e\u5857\u308a\u3064\u3076\u3057<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">upx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">rightx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ex<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">downx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">leftx<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ex<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">upy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">righty<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ey<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">downy<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">lefty<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ey<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">90<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">X<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">rightx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">leftx<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">Y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">upy<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">righty<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">downy<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"nb\">list<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">lefty<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">fill<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">Y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"yellow\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u6ce8\u91c8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\":\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\":\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)],<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ls<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\":\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.75<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.75<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$d\\!x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># x \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.18<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> \r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mf\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$x$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># y \u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">quiver<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mf\">2.43<\/span><span class=\"p\">],<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.002<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headwidth<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">headlength<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n           <span class=\"n\">angles<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale_units<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">'xy'<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">scale<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">text<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"$y$\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">fontsize<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"x-large\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n        <span class=\"n\">ha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">va<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"center\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_ylim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u76ee\u76db\u8a2d\u5b9a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8547\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Volume.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[12]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-ipython3\">\n<pre><span class=\"n\">fig<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">plt<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">figure<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">figsize<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">8<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">6<\/span><span class=\"p\">])<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">tight_layout<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">add_subplot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">projection<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"s1\">'3d'<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_box_aspect<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span><span class=\"mi\">8<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">5<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">5<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">fig<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">subplots_adjust<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">bottom<\/span><span class=\"o\">=-.<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">a<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">b<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.3<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.7<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.8<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u300c\u4e0a\u300d\u5074\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">arange<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">xi<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">cmap<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"Blues_r\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.7<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8f2a\u5207\u308a\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">arange<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">xi<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">cmap<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"Reds_r\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u8f2a\u5207\u308a\u5e95\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ri<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X1<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">5<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">ri<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">X1<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ri<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ri<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n                <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"red\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u300c\u4e0b\u300d\u5074\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">arange<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">b<\/span><span class=\"o\">+<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">xi<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">xi<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">cmap<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"Blues_r\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n                <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"blue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u300c\u4e0a\u300d\u5e95\u9762<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ri<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">f<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">5<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pi<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">120<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ri<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">meshgrid<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">ri<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">x<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">y<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ri<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">z<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ri<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">th<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot_surface<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">y<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">z<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> \r\n                <span class=\"n\">fc<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"lightblue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">ec<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"lightblue\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">alpha<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.9<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mf\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"c1\"># \u9577\u8ef8<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">a<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">15<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">X<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">np<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">linspace<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">plot<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">X<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"mi\">10<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">lw<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">c<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">\"k\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">zorder<\/span><span class=\"o\">=<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">set_xlim<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"mf\">2.8<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">view_init<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">elev<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">azim<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">110<\/span><span class=\"p\">,<\/span> <span class=\"n\">roll<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"n\">ax<\/span><span class=\"o\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">axis<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kc\">False<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-8548\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/Volume3d.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"481\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u7528\u306e\u56f3\u3092 Matplotlib \u3060\u3051\u3067\u63cf\u304f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u3067\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3002<\/p><p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/8526\/\">\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u3068\u306f<\/li>\n<li>\u7a4d\u5206\uff1a\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u5fdc\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-matplotlib","category-21","nodate","item-wrap"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8526","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8526"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8526\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8549,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8526\/revisions\/8549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8526"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8526"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}