{"id":5234,"date":"2023-02-01T16:42:05","date_gmt":"2023-02-01T07:42:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/?page_id=5234"},"modified":"2023-02-06T17:34:54","modified_gmt":"2023-02-06T08:34:54","slug":"maxima-%e3%81%a7%e3%82%b9%e3%82%b1%e3%83%bc%e3%83%ab%e5%9b%a0%e5%ad%90%e3%81%ae%e3%82%b0%e3%83%a9%e3%83%95%e3%82%92%e6%8f%8f%e3%81%8f","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/%e4%b8%80%e8%88%ac%e7%9b%b8%e5%af%be%e8%ab%96%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e8%ab%96\/%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e8%ab%96%e3%83%91%e3%83%a9%e3%83%a1%e3%83%bc%e3%82%bf%e3%81%a8%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e5%b9%b4%e9%bd%a2\/maxima-%e3%81%a7%e3%82%b9%e3%82%b1%e3%83%bc%e3%83%ab%e5%9b%a0%e5%ad%90%e3%81%ae%e3%82%b0%e3%83%a9%e3%83%95%e3%82%92%e6%8f%8f%e3%81%8f\/","title":{"rendered":"\u88dc\u8db3\uff1aMaxima \u3067\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\u63cf\u304f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<p>\u5c0e\u51fa\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/%e4%b8%80%e8%88%ac%e7%9b%b8%e5%af%be%e8%ab%96%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e8%ab%96\/%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e8%ab%96%e3%83%91%e3%83%a9%e3%83%a1%e3%83%bc%e3%82%bf%e3%81%a8%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e5%b9%b4%e9%bd%a2\/%e8%a3%9c%e8%b6%b3%ef%bc%9a%e3%82%b9%e3%82%b1%e3%83%bc%e3%83%ab%e5%9b%a0%e5%ad%90%e3%81%ae%e8%a7%a3\/\">\u88dc\u8db3\uff1a\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u89e3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"$t-=-0$-\u304b\u3089\u306e-$a(t)$-\u306e\u7acb\u3061\u4e0a\u304c\u308a\u3092\u63c3\u3048\u305f\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u4f8b\">$t = 0$ \u304b\u3089\u306e $a(t)$ \u306e\u7acb\u3061\u4e0a\u304c\u308a\u3092\u63c3\u3048\u305f\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u4f8b<\/h3>\n<p>\u7570\u306a\u308b $\\Omega_{\\rm m}$ \u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5909\u5316\u306e\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\uff0c$t=0$ \u3067\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50 $a(t)$ \u306e\u50be\u304d\u3092\u63c3\u3048\u3066\u63cf\u304f\u5834\u5408\u3002\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30d3\u30c3\u30b0\u30d0\u30f3\u3067\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u5b87\u5b99\u306e\u81a8\u5f35\u304c\uff0c$\\Omega_{\\rm m}$ \u306e\u5024\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u81a8\u5f35\u306e\u4ed5\u65b9\u306b\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\uff0c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u81a8\u5f35\u304c\u6b62\u307e\u3063\u3066\u53ce\u7e2e\u306b\u8ee2\u3058\u305f\u308a\uff0c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u6c38\u4e45\u306b\u81a8\u5f35\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3093\u3060\u306a\u3041&#8230; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h4 id=\"$\\Omega_{\\Lambda}-=-0,-\\Omega_{\\rm-m}-&gt;-1$-\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061-$k-&gt;-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$\\Omega_{\\Lambda} = 0, \\Omega_{\\rm m} &gt; 1$ \u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061 $k &gt; 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>$\\Omega_{\\rm m} \\rightarrow \\Omega$ \u3068\u3057\u3066<\/p>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\na_1(u, \\Omega) = \\frac{a}{a_0}<br \/>\n&amp;=&amp; \\frac{\\Omega}{2 (\\Omega -1)}<br \/>\n\\left(1 -\\cos\\left(\\sqrt{\\Omega-1} u\\right)\\right)\\\\<br \/>\nt_1(u, \\Omega) = H_0 t &amp;=&amp; \\frac{\\Omega}{2 (\\Omega -1) }<br \/>\n\\left(u -\\frac{\\sin\\left(\\sqrt{\\Omega-1} u\\right)}{\\sqrt{\\Omega-1}}\\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>\u3068\u306a\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3060\u304c\uff0c$|u| \\ll 1$ \u3067\u306e\u632f\u308b\u307e\u3044\u304c\u5f8c\u8ff0\u306e $\\Omega_{\\rm m} = 1$ \u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff08$\\Omega$ \u306e\u5024\u306b\u3088\u3089\u305a\u306b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\na_1 &amp;\\simeq&amp; \\frac{u^2}{4} \\\\<br \/>\nt_1 &amp;\\simeq&amp; \\frac{u^3}{12}<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>\u3068\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7e26\u6a2a\u7b49\u500d\u3067\u7e2e\u5c3a\u3092\u5909\u3048\u3066\u3084\u308c\u3070\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\na_1(u, \\Omega) \\equiv \\frac{a}{a_0} \\times \\Omega^{-1}<br \/>\n&amp;=&amp; \\frac{1}{2 (\\Omega -1)}<br \/>\n\\left(1 -\\cos\\left(\\sqrt{\\Omega-1} u\\right)\\right)\\\\<br \/>\nt_1(u, \\Omega) \\equiv H_0 t \\times \\Omega^{-1}&amp;=&amp; \\frac{1}{2 (\\Omega -1) }<br \/>\n\\left(u -\\frac{\\sin\\left(\\sqrt{\\Omega-1} u\\right)}{\\sqrt{\\Omega-1}}\\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[1]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">a1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> 1<span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">cos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>;\r\n<span class=\"nf\">t1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> 1<span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">sin<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[1]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{1}$}a_{1}\\left(u , \\Omega\\right):=\\frac{1}{2\\,\\left(\\Omega-1\\right)}\\,\\left(1-\\cos \\left(\\sqrt{\\Omega-1}\\,u\\right)\\right)\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[1]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{2}$}t_{1}\\left(u , \\Omega\\right):=\\frac{1}{2\\,\\left(\\Omega-1\\right)}\\,\\left(u-\\frac{\\sin \\left(\\sqrt{\\Omega-1}\\,u\\right)}{\\sqrt{\\Omega-1}}\\right)\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h4 id=\"$\\Omega_{\\Lambda}-=-0,-\\Omega_{\\rm-m}-&lt;-1$-\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061-$k-&lt;-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$\\Omega_{\\Lambda} = 0, \\Omega_{\\rm m} &lt; 1$ \u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061 $k &lt; 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>\u540c\u69d8\u306b<\/p>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\na_2(u, \\Omega) \\equiv \\frac{a}{a_0}\\times \\Omega^{-1}<br \/>\n&amp;=&amp; \\frac{1}{2 (1-\\Omega)}<br \/>\n\\left(\\cosh\\left(\\sqrt{1-\\Omega} u\\right) -1\\right)<br \/>\n\\\\<br \/>\nt_2(u, \\Omega) \\equiv H_0 t \\times \\Omega^{-1}&amp;=&amp; \\frac{1}{2 (1 -\\Omega) }<br \/>\n\\left(\\frac{\\sinh\\left(\\sqrt{1-\\Omega} u\\right)}{\\sqrt{1-\\Omega}}- u\\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[2]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">a2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> 1<span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">cosh<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>;\r\n<span class=\"nf\">t2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> 1<span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sinh<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[2]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{3}$}a_{2}\\left(u , \\Omega\\right):=\\frac{1}{2\\,\\left(1-\\Omega\\right)}\\,\\left(\\cosh \\left(\\sqrt{1-\\Omega}\\,u\\right)-1\\right)\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[2]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{4}$}t_{2}\\left(u , \\Omega\\right):=\\frac{1}{2\\,\\left(1-\\Omega\\right)}\\,\\left(\\frac{\\sinh \\left(\\sqrt{1-\\Omega}\\,u\\right)}{\\sqrt{1-\\Omega}}-u\\right)\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h4 id=\"$\\Omega_{\\Lambda}-=-0,-\\Omega_{\\rm-m}-=-1$-\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061-$k-=-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$\\Omega_{\\Lambda} = 0, \\Omega_{\\rm m} = 1$ \u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061 $k = 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\na_3(u) \\equiv \\lim_{\\Omega\\rightarrow 1} a_1(u, \\Omega) &amp;=&amp; \\frac{u^2}{4} \\\\<br \/>\nt_3(u) \\equiv \\lim_{\\Omega\\rightarrow 1} t_1(u, \\Omega) &amp;=&amp; \\frac{u^3}{12}<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[3]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"o\">'<\/span><span class=\"nf\">limit<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">'<\/span><span class=\"nf\">a1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> \r\n <span class=\"nf\">limit<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">a1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>;\r\n<span class=\"o\">'<\/span><span class=\"nf\">limit<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">'<\/span><span class=\"nf\">t1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"nf\">limit<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">t1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[3]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{5}$}\\lim_{\\Omega\\rightarrow 1}{a_{1}\\left(u , \\Omega\\right)}=\\frac{u^2}{4}\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[3]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{6}$}\\lim_{\\Omega\\rightarrow 1}{t_{1}\\left(u , \\Omega\\right)}=\\frac{u^3}{12}\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[4]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">define<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">a3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nf\">limit<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">a1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>;\r\n<span class=\"nf\">define<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">t3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nf\">limit<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">t1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[4]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{7}$}a_{3}\\left(u\\right):=\\frac{u^2}{4}\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[4]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{8}$}t_{3}\\left(u\\right):=\\frac{u^3}{12}\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[5]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nv\">Omega1<\/span><span class=\"o\">:<\/span> 1<span class=\"o\">.<\/span>1$\r\n<span class=\"nv\">Omega2<\/span><span class=\"o\">:<\/span> 0<span class=\"o\">.<\/span>9$\r\n<span class=\"nv\">u1<\/span><span class=\"o\">:<\/span> 2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"nv\">%pi<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>$\r\n<span class=\"cm\">\/* *\/<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"nv\">trange<\/span><span class=\"o\">:<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">t1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u1<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>$\r\n\r\n<span class=\"nf\">draw2d<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u30d5\u30a9\u30f3\u30c8\u8a2d\u5b9a *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">font<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Arial\"<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">font_size<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">14<\/span>,  \r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u51e1\u4f8b\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">user_preamble<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"set key left top;\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u591a\u3081\u306b *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">nticks<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">100<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u6a2a\u8ef8\u7e26\u8ef8\u306e\u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2 *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">xrange<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">trange<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">.<\/span>02<span class=\"p\">]<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">yrange<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, 42<span class=\"p\">]<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u8ef8\u306e\u76ee\u76db\u306a\u3057\u306b *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">xtics<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"no\">false<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">ytics<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"no\">false<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u30d5\u30a9\u30f3\u30c8\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306f\u304a\u597d\u307f\u3067... *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">xlabel<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/jsMath-cmti10=16 t}\"<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">ylabel<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/jsMath-cmti10=16 a(t)}\"<\/span>, \r\n  \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">line_width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">blue<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nf\">label<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m &lt; 1}\"<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">80<\/span>, 32<span class=\"p\">])<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">t2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nf\">a2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">u1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">black<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nf\">label<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 1}\"<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">80<\/span>, 22<span class=\"p\">])<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">t3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nf\">a3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">u1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">red<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nf\">label<\/span><span class=\"p\">([<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m &gt; 1}\"<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">80<\/span>,  10<span class=\"p\">])<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">t1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nf\">a1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">u<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">u1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"p\">)<\/span>$\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \">\n<p><!--?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" standalone=\"no\"?--><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5344\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/ma-fig1c.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"$t-=-t_0$-\u3067-$a(t_0)$-\u3068-$H_0-=-\\frac{\\dot{a}}{a}|_{t_0}$-\u3092\u63c3\u3048\u305f\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u4f8b\">$t = t_0$ \u3067 $a(t_0)$ \u3068 $H_0 = \\frac{\\dot{a}}{a}|_{t_0}$ \u3092\u63c3\u3048\u305f\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u4f8b<\/h3>\n<p>\u7570\u306a\u308b $\\Omega_{\\rm m}$ \u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5909\u5316\u306e\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u6642\u523b $t=t_0$ \u3067\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50 $a(t)$ \u306e\u50be\u304d\u3092\u63c3\u3048\u3066\u63cf\u304f\u5834\u5408\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6642\u523b\u3067\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u50be\u304d\u3092\u8868\u3059\u30cf\u30c3\u30d6\u30eb\u5b9a\u6570 $H_0$ \u306e\u5024\u304c\u540c\u3058\u3067\u3082\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u3092\u9061\u308b\u3068\u3084\u304c\u3066 $a(t)$ \u304c\u30bc\u30ed\u306b\u306a\u308b\u6642\u523b\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u5b87\u5b99\u5e74\u9f62\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3060\u306a\u3041&#8230; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u4fbf\u5229\u306a\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h4 id=\"$\\Omega_{\\Lambda}-=-0,-\\Omega_{\\rm-m}-&gt;-1$-\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061-$k-&gt;-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$\\Omega_{\\Lambda} = 0, \\Omega_{\\rm m} &gt; 1$ \u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061 $k &gt; 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\frac{a}{a_0} \\equiv x<br \/>\n&amp;=&amp; \\frac{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}{2 (\\Omega_{\\rm m} -1)}<br \/>\n\\left(1 -\\cos\\left(\\sqrt{k} \\eta\\right)\\right)<br \/>\n\\\\<br \/>\nH_0 t &amp;=&amp; \\frac{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}{2 (\\Omega_{\\rm m} -1)^{\\frac{3}{2}} }<br \/>\n\\left(\\sqrt{k} \\eta -\\sin\\left(\\sqrt{k} \\eta\\right)\\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089<br \/>\n\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\cos\\sqrt{k} \\eta &amp;=&amp; 1 &#8211; \\frac{2 (\\Omega_{\\rm m} -1)}{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}x\\\\<br \/>\n\\sqrt{k} \\eta &amp;=&amp; \\cos^{-1} \\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{2 (\\Omega_{\\rm m} -1)}{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}x \\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>$\\Omega_{\\rm m} \\rightarrow \\Omega$ \u3068\u3057\u3066<\/p>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\therefore\\ \\ T_1(x, \\Omega) &amp;\\equiv&amp; H_0 t = \\frac{\\Omega}{2 (\\Omega -1)^{\\frac{3}{2}} }<br \/>\n\\left(\\sqrt{k} \\eta -\\sin \\sqrt{k} \\eta \\right) \\\\<br \/>\n&amp;=&amp; \\frac{\\Omega}{2 (\\Omega -1)^{\\frac{3}{2}} }<br \/>\n\\left(\\cos^{-1} \\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{2 (\\Omega -1)}{\\Omega} x \\right)<br \/>\n&#8211; \\sqrt{1 &#8211; \\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{2 (\\Omega -1)}{\\Omega} x \\right)^2} \\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c$H_0 t$ \u3092 $x$ \u3067\u8868\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[6]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">T1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> \r\n  <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">acos<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> 2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">**<\/span><span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[6]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{14}$}T_{1}\\left(x , \\Omega\\right):=\\frac{\\Omega}{2\\,\\left(\\Omega-1\\right)\\,\\sqrt{\\Omega-1}}\\,\\left(\\arccos \\left(1-\\frac{2\\,\\left(\\Omega-1\\right)}{\\Omega}\\,x\\right)-\\sqrt{1-\\left(1-\\frac{2\\,\\left(\\Omega-1\\right)}{\\Omega}\\,x\\right)^2}\\right)\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h4 id=\"$\\Omega_{\\Lambda}-=-0,-\\Omega_{\\rm-m}-&lt;-1$-\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061-$k-&lt;-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$\\Omega_{\\Lambda} = 0, \\Omega_{\\rm m} &lt; 1$ \u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061 $k &lt; 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\frac{a}{a_0} \\equiv x<br \/>\n&amp;=&amp;\\frac{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}{2 (1-\\Omega_{\\rm m} )}<br \/>\n\\left(\\cosh \\sqrt{k} \\eta -1\\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089<br \/>\n\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\cosh\\sqrt{k} \\eta &amp;=&amp; 1 + \\frac{2 (1-\\Omega_{\\rm m})}{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}x \\\\<br \/>\n\\sqrt{k} \\eta &amp;=&amp; \\cosh^{-1} \\left(1 + \\frac{2 (1-\\Omega_{\\rm m})}{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}x\\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>$\\Omega_{\\rm m} \\rightarrow \\Omega$ \u3068\u3057\u3066<\/p>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\therefore\\ \\<br \/>\nT_2(x, \\Omega) &amp;\\equiv&amp; H_0 t = \\frac{\\Omega}{2 (1-\\Omega)^{\\frac{3}{2}} }<br \/>\n\\left(\\sinh \\sqrt{k} \\eta &#8211; \\sqrt{k} \\eta \\right) \\\\<br \/>\n&amp;=&amp; \\frac{\\Omega}{2 (1-\\Omega)^{\\frac{3}{2}} }<br \/>\n\\left(<br \/>\n\\sqrt{\\left(1 + \\frac{2 (1-\\Omega)}{\\Omega}x \\right)^2 &#8211; 1} &#8211;<br \/>\n\\cosh^{-1} \\left(1 + \\frac{2 (1-\\Omega)}{\\Omega}x\\right) \\right)<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c$H_0 t$ \u3092 $x$ \u3067\u8868\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[7]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">T2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> \r\n  <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">+<\/span>2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">**<\/span><span class=\"mi\">2<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nf\">acosh<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> 2<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[7]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{15}$}T_{2}\\left(x , \\Omega\\right):=\\frac{\\Omega}{2\\,\\left(1-\\Omega\\right)\\,\\sqrt{1-\\Omega}}\\,\\left(\\sqrt{\\left(1+\\frac{2\\,\\left(1-\\Omega\\right)}{\\Omega}\\,x\\right)^2-1}-{\\rm acosh}\\; \\left(1+\\frac{2\\,\\left(1-\\Omega\\right)}{\\Omega}\\,x\\right)\\right)\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h4 id=\"$\\Omega_{\\Lambda}-=-0,-\\Omega_{\\rm-m}-=-1$-\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061-$k-=-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$\\Omega_{\\Lambda} = 0, \\Omega_{\\rm m} = 1$ \u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061 $k = 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\frac{a}{a_0} = x &amp;=&amp; \\left(\\frac{3}{2}H_0 t \\right)^{\\frac{2}{3}}<br \/>\n\\end{eqnarray}$$\\therefore\\ \\ T_3(x) \\equiv H_0 t = \\frac{2}{3} x^{\\frac{3}{2}}$$<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[8]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">T3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> 2<span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[8]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{16}$}T_{3}\\left(x\\right):=\\frac{2}{3}\\,x\\,\\sqrt{x}\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[9]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">draw2d<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u30d5\u30a9\u30f3\u30c8\u8a2d\u5b9a *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">font<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Arial\"<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">font_size<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">14<\/span>,  \r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u51e1\u4f8b\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e3b\u76ee\u76db\u30fb\u526f\u76ee\u76db\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">user_preamble<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"set key right bottom; set key sample 1;<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"s\">                   set xtics mirror; set ytics mirror;<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"s\">                   set xtics 0.5; set mxtics 5;<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"s\">                   set ytics 0.5; set mytics 5; set grid;\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u591a\u3081\u306b *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">nticks<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">100<\/span>, \r\n                   \r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u6a2a\u8ef8\u7e26\u8ef8\u306e\u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2 *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">xrange<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span>, 1<span class=\"o\">.<\/span>6<span class=\"p\">]<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">yrange<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, 3<span class=\"p\">]<\/span>, \r\n\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">title<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_\u039b = 0 \u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u6642\u9593\u767a\u5c55}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">xlabel<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times:Italic=16 H_0 (t - t_0)}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">ylabel<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/jsMath-cmti10=16 a(t)\/a_0}\"<\/span>,\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">line_type<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">solid<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">line_width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">blue<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">key<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 0.3}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">black<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">key<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 1.0}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">T3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">red<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">key<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 2.0}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"p\">)<\/span>$\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \">\n<p><!--?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" standalone=\"no\"?--><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5340\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/ma-fig2b.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3 id=\"$k-=-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$k = 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h3>\n<p>\u5b87\u5b99\u5b9a\u6570\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8ffd\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"$k-=-0,-\\-0&lt;\\Omega_{\\rm-m}-&lt;-1$-\u3064\u307e\u308a-$\\Omega_{\\Lambda}-&gt;-0$-\u306e\u5834\u5408\">$k = 0, \\ 0&lt;\\Omega_{\\rm m} &lt; 1$ \u3064\u307e\u308a $\\Omega_{\\Lambda} &gt; 0$ \u306e\u5834\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>\\begin{eqnarray}<br \/>\n\\frac{a}{a_0} = x &amp;=&amp;<br \/>\n\\left\\{\\sqrt{\\frac{\\Omega_{\\rm m}}{1-\\Omega_{\\rm m}}}<br \/>\n\\sinh\\left(\\frac{3\\sqrt{1-\\Omega_{\\rm m}}}{2} H_0 t\\right)\\right\\}^{\\frac{2}{3}} \\end{eqnarray}<\/p>\n<p>\u3088\u308a $\\Omega_{\\rm m} \\rightarrow \\Omega$ \u3068\u3057\u3066<\/p>\n<p>$$T_3(x, \\Omega) \\equiv H_0 t = \\frac{2}{3\\sqrt{1-\\Omega}}<br \/>\n\\sinh^{-1} \\left( \\sqrt{\\frac{1-\\Omega}{\\Omega}} x^{\\frac{3}{2}}\\right)$$<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[10]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">T4<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">:=<\/span> 2<span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>3<span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">asinh<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">((<\/span>1<span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">\/<\/span><span class=\"nv\">Omega<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span><span class=\"nf\">sqrt<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">))<\/span>;\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt output_prompt\">Out[10]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_latex output_subarea output_execute_result\">\\[\\tag{${\\it \\%o}_{18}$}T_{4}\\left(x , \\Omega\\right):=\\frac{2}{3\\,\\sqrt{1-\\Omega}}\\,{\\rm asinh}\\; \\left(\\sqrt{\\frac{1-\\Omega}{\\Omega}}\\,x\\,\\sqrt{x}\\right)\\]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"input\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">In\u00a0[11]:<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"input_area\">\n<div class=\" highlight hl-maxima\">\n<pre><span class=\"nf\">draw2d<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u30d5\u30a9\u30f3\u30c8\u8a2d\u5b9a *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">font<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Arial\"<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">font_size<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">14<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u51e1\u4f8b\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e3b\u76ee\u76db\u30fb\u526f\u76ee\u76db\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">user_preamble<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"set key right bottom; set key sample 1;<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"s\">                   set xtics mirror; set ytics mirror;<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"s\">                   set xtics 0.5; set mxtics 5;<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"s\">                   set ytics 0.5; set mytics 5; set grid;\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u591a\u3081\u306b *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">nticks<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">100<\/span>, \r\n                   \r\n  <span class=\"cm\">\/* \u6a2a\u8ef8\u7e26\u8ef8\u306e\u8868\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2 *\/<\/span>\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">xrange<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span>, 1<span class=\"o\">.<\/span>6<span class=\"p\">]<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">yrange<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, 4<span class=\"p\">]<\/span>, \r\n\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">title<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u6642\u9593\u767a\u5c55}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">xlabel<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times:Italic=16 H_0 (t - t_0)}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">ylabel<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/jsMath-cmti10=16 a(t)\/a_0}\"<\/span>,\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">line_type<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">solid<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nv\">line_width<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">violet<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">key<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 0.3, \u03a9_\u039b = 0.7}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T4<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T4<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">4<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">blue<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">key<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 0.3, \u03a9_\u039b = 0.0}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T2<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"mf\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">black<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">key<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 1.0, \u03a9_\u039b = 0.0}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">T3<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, \r\n  <span class=\"nv\">color<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"nv\">red<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">key<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"{\/Times=16 \u03a9_m = 2.0, \u03a9_\u039b = 0.0}\"<\/span>,\r\n  <span class=\"nf\">parametric<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span><span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"nf\">T1<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"nv\">x<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span>, <span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"p\">)<\/span>$\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"output_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"output\">\n<div class=\"output_area\">\n<div class=\"prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"output_svg output_subarea \">\n<p><!--?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" standalone=\"no\"?--><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5341\" src=\"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/ma-fig3b.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"parent":1483,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5234","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","nodate","item-wrap"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5234","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5234"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5234\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5345,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5234\/revisions\/5345"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp\/relativity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}